Ethnic profiling remains a sensitive and complex issue within police work. In his PhD research at the University of Twente, Bas Böing examined how police officers can be more effectively engaged in addressing this problem. His research shows that sustainable change is possible when officers are given space to learn, reflect, and engage in open dialogue together.
Although many police employees acknowledge that ethnic profiling occurs, some do not feel personally responsible for changing or responding defensively. Others hesitate to voice criticism due to the strong team culture and fear of social exclusion. Böing identified four underlying factors that hinder change: not knowing, not being interested, not wanting to, and not daring. These not only form obstacles but also provide entry points for targeted interventions.
Virtual reality
To overcome these barriers, Böing developed an innovative training program that combines virtual reality (VR) with peer-led group discussions. In the VR simulation, officers experience real-life situations in which they must make decisions under time pressure, decisions that can lead to different outcomes. Afterwards, they discuss their choices in guided group sessions, where diverse perspectives are shared. This constructive and safe dialogue promotes understanding, reflection, and psychological safety within teams.
Training
The research shows that this combination of experiential learning and reflective dialogue is highly effective. Even after a single session, participants demonstrate increased knowledge of legal frameworks and greater awareness of ethnic profiling. However, repetition proves essential for lasting change: officers who participated multiple times showed long-term improvements in attitude, knowledge, and self-efficacy. Moreover, repeated practice enhances psychological safety, making sensitive topics easier to discuss.
The training is now being widely implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Germany. In the Netherlands alone, more than 25,000 police officers have completed the program. In 2023, the initiative received the Europol Excellence Award in Innovation in recognition of its pioneering contribution to professional policing and public safety.
More information about the PhD defence on November 13, 2025.
